Town Planning Review

Figure-ground: history and practice of a planning technique

ALEXANDER, C. (1975), The Oregon Experiment, New York, Oxford University Press. The Oregon Experiment Google Scholar

ALEXANDER, C. (1987), A New Theory of Urban Design, New York, Oxford University Press. A New Theory of Urban Design Google Scholar

ALEXANDER, C., ISHIKAWA, S., SILVERSTEIN, M., JACOBSON M., FIKSDAHL-KING, I. and ANGEL, S. (1977), A Pattern Language – Towns, Buildings, Construction, New York, Oxford University Press. A Pattern Language – Towns, Buildings, Construction Google Scholar

ANDERSON, S. (1978), ‘Studies towards an ecological model of the urban environment’, in S. Anderson (ed.), On Streets, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 267–307. Studies towards an ecological model of the urban environment On Streets 267 307 Google Scholar

ARNHEIM, R. (1972), Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye, London, Faber. Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye Google Scholar

BARTLETT (2015), ‘Urban graphics 1 – the city footprint’, online teaching resource for urban skills portal, www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/programmes/professional-development/usp/courses/city-footprint (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

BÉDARIDA, M. (1985), ‘Retour à la ville’ [Return to the city], Esprit, 109, 60–66. Retour à la ville Esprit 109 60 66 Google Scholar

BERLIN (2015), ‘Digitale Schwarzplaene’, Berlin Senatsverwaltung fur Stadtentwicklung und Unwelt, http://stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtmodelle/de/innenstadtplaene/sp/index.shtml (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

BODENSCHATZ, H. (2010), Learning from IBA – die IBA 1987 in Berlin, Berlin, Senatsverwalting für Stadtentwicklung. Learning from IBA – die IBA 1987 in Berlin Google Scholar

BRANCH, M. C. (1997), An Atlas of Rare City Maps: Comparative Urban Design, 1830–1842, New York, Princeton Architectural Press. An Atlas of Rare City Maps: Comparative Urban Design, 1830–1842 Google Scholar

BRANDT, A. (1980), ‘Architecture de l’espace urbain’, L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, 51, 8–12. Architecture de l L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui 51 8 12 Google Scholar

BROADBENT, G. (1990), Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design, London & New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design Google Scholar

BURG, A (1997), Planwerk Innenstadt Berlin: Ein erster Entwurf [Inner Berlin plan: first draft], Kulturbuch-Verlag, Berlin. Planwerk Innenstadt Berlin: Ein erster Entwurf Google Scholar

CARRAGONE, A. (1993), The Texas Rangers, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. The Texas Rangers Google Scholar

COLOMB, C. (2012), Staging the New Berlin: Place Marketing and the Politics of Urban Reinvention, Post-1989, London, Routledge. Staging the New Berlin: Place Marketing and the Politics of Urban Reinvention, Post-1989 Google Scholar

COPPER, W. (1982), ‘The figure/grounds’, Cornell Journal of Architecture, 2, 42–53. The figure/grounds Cornell Journal of Architecture 2 42 53 Google Scholar

CORNELL (2000), ‘Colin Rowe 1920–1999’ The Newsletter, Cornell University College of Architecture Art & Planning, 3, 2 Fall 2000. Colin Rowe 1920–1999 The Newsletter 3 Google Scholar

CUPERS K. and MIESSEN M. (2002), Spaces of Uncertainty, Müller und Busmann, Wuppertal. Spaces of Uncertainty Google Scholar

DAVIS, J. (2016), ‘The making and remaking of Hackney Wick, 1870–2014: from urban edgeland to Olympic fringe’, Planning Perspectives, 31, 425–57. The making and remaking of Hackney Wick, 1870–2014: from urban edgeland to Olympic fringe Planning Perspectives 31 425 57 Google Scholar

DE MICHELIS, M. (1985), La Ricostruzione della Città: Berlino-IBA 1987, Milan, Electa Editrice. La Ricostruzione della Città: Berlino-IBA 1987 Google Scholar

ELLIN, N. (1999), Postmodern Urbanism, New York, Princeton Architectural Press. Postmodern Urbanism Google Scholar

FREI, H. (2006), ‘The Master of Lockhart (Texas)’, MONU, 4, 24–29. The Master of Lockhart (Texas) MONU 4 24 29 Google Scholar

FRUTAZ, P. (1962), Le Piante di Roma, Rome, Istituto di Studi Romani. Le Piante di Roma Google Scholar

GIOVANNINI, J. (1998), ‘Berlin’s new walls’ Architecture, 87, 50–55. Berlin Architecture 87 50 55 Google Scholar

GOMBRICH, E. H. (1963), Meditations on a Hobby Horse, London, Phaidon. Meditations on a Hobby Horse Google Scholar

GRAVES, C. P. (2009), The Genealogy of Cities, Kent, OH, Kent State University Press. The Genealogy of Cities Google Scholar

GRUBIAK, M. (2011), ‘Figure ground relationship’, Architect, 100, 28–29. Figure ground relationship Architect 100 28 29 Google Scholar

HAIN, S. (2001), ‘Struggle for the inner city’, in W. J. V Neill and H. U. Schwedlet (eds), Urban Planning and Cultural Inclusion: Lessons from Belfast and Berlin, Palgrave, Basingstoke, 69–84. Struggle for the inner city Urban Planning and Cultural Inclusion: Lessons from Belfast and Berlin 69 84 Google Scholar

HART, L., HOOI, J. and ROMICE, O. (2010), An Comann, 50 Small Towns in Scotland, Glasgow, University of Strathclyde. An Comann, 50 Small Towns in Scotland Google Scholar

HARVEY, P. D. A. (1980), The History of Topographical Maps – Symbols, Pictures & Surveys, London, Thames & Hudson. The History of Topographical Maps – Symbols, Pictures & Surveys Google Scholar

HEBBERT, M. (2005), ‘The street as locus of collective memory’, Environment & Planning D: Society and Space, 4, 581–96. The street as locus of collective memory Environment & Planning D: Society and Space 4 581 96 Google Scholar

HEBBERT, M. (2014), ‘Historical exploration/explanation in urban design’, in M. Carmona (ed.), Explorations in Urban Design – An Urban Design Research Primer, Farnham, Ashgate, 287–98. Historical exploration/explanation in urban design Explorations in Urban Design – An Urban Design Research Primer 287 98 Google Scholar

HURTT, S. (1982), ‘Conjectures on Urban Form: The Cornell Urban Design Studio 1963–1982’, Cornell Journal of Architecture, 2, 54. Conjectures on Urban Form: The Cornell Urban Design Studio 1963–1982 Cornell Journal of Architecture 2 54 Google Scholar

JACOBS, A. B. (1993), Great Streets, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Great Streets Google Scholar

JACOBS, A. B., MACDONALD, E. and ROFÉ, Y. (2002), The Boulevard Book, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. The Boulevard Book Google Scholar

JEFFERY, J. K., JOVALEKIC, A., VERRIOTIS, A. and HAYMAN, R. (2013), ‘Navigating in a three-dimensional world’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 36, 523–87. Navigating in a three-dimensional world Behavioural and Brain Sciences 36 523 87 Google Scholar

JENKINS, E. (2008), To Scale: One Hundred Urban Plans, New York, Routledge. To Scale: One Hundred Urban Plans Google Scholar

KAIN, R. (1981), ‘Conservation planning in France: policy and practice in The Marais, Paris’, in R. Kain (ed.), Planning for Conservation, London, Mansell, 199–233. Conservation planning in France: policy and practice in The Marais, Paris Planning for Conservation 199 233 Google Scholar

KICKERT, C. (2014), ‘Active centres – interactive edges’, PhD thesis, University of Michigan, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/110405 (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

KICKERT, C. (2015), ‘The Rise and Fall of Downtown Detroit 1854–2011’, https://youtu.be/QyYQ9fdOQwk (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

KOETTER, F. and ROWE, C. (1980), ‘The crisis of the object, the predicament of texture’, Perspecta, 16, 108–41. The crisis of the object, the predicament of texture Perspecta 16 108 41 Google Scholar

KOSTOF, S. (1992a), The City Assembled, London, Thames & Hudson. The City Assembled Google Scholar

KOSTOF, S. (1992b), The City Shaped, London, Thames & Hudson. The City Shaped Google Scholar

KRIER, L. (2009), The Architecture of Community, Washington, DC, Island Press. The Architecture of Community Google Scholar

KÜNDIGER, B. (1997), ‘Berlin: urban planning between history and modernity’, in K. Bosma and A. H. Helling (eds), Mastering the City: North European City Planning 1900–2000, vol. 2, NAI Publishers, Rotterdam, 66–75. Berlin: urban planning between history and modernity Mastering the City: North European City Planning 1900–2000 66 75 Google Scholar

LACAN, J. (2004), ‘Généalogie du poché: de l’espace au vide’ Matières 7, 41–54. Généalogie du poché: de l Matières 7 41 54 Google Scholar

LADD, B. (1997), The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape Google Scholar

LE CORBUSIER (1977 [1924]), The City of Tomorrow, trans. F. Etchells, Chatham, W. & J. Mackay Ltd. The City of Tomorrow Google Scholar

MACEACHREN, A. M. (1995), How Maps Work – Representation Visualization and Design, New York, The Guilford Press. How Maps Work – Representation Visualization and Design Google Scholar

MCGRATH, B. (2008), Digital Modelling for Urban Design, Chichester, John Wiley. Digital Modelling for Urban Design Google Scholar

MCGRATH, B. and GARDNER, J. (2007), Cinemetrics – Architectural Drawing Today, Chichester, John Wiley. Cinemetrics – Architectural Drawing Today Google Scholar

MESECKE, A. and SCHEER, T. (1996), Josef Paul Kleihues, Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin. Josef Paul Kleihues Google Scholar

MILLEA, N. (2003), Street Mapping: An A to Z of Urban Cartography, Oxford, Bodleian Library. Street Mapping: An A to Z of Urban Cartography Google Scholar

MOUDON, A. V. (1994), ‘Getting to know the built environment: typomorphology’, in K. Franck and L. Schneekloth (eds), Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 289–314. Getting to know the built environment: typomorphology Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design 289 314 Google Scholar

MUMFORD, E. (2009), Defining Urban Design: CIAM Architects and the Formation of a Discipline, 1937–69, New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press. Defining Urban Design: CIAM Architects and the Formation of a Discipline, 1937–69 Google Scholar

OSWALT, P. (2000), Berlin: Stadt ohne Form, Strategien einer anderen Architektur [Berlin, the formless city, towards a different architecture], Prestel, Munich. Berlin: Stadt ohne Form, Strategien einer anderen Architektur Google Scholar

PANERAI, P., CASTEX, J. DEPAULE, J. C. and SAMUELS, I. (2004), Urban Forms: The Death and Life of the Urban Block, Oxford, Architectural Press. Urban Forms: The Death and Life of the Urban Block Google Scholar

PINNOCK, W. (1834), The Guide to Knowledge, Volume 2, London, W. Edwards. The Guide to Knowledge, Volume 2 Google Scholar

POPPER, K. (1957), The Poverty of Historicism, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. The Poverty of Historicism Google Scholar

POULIN, R. (2011), The Language of Graphic Design, Beverly, MA, Rockport Publishers. The Language of Graphic Design Google Scholar

RASMUSSEN, S. E. (1937), London, the Unique City, revised edition, London, Jonathan Cape. London, the Unique City Google Scholar

ROBINSON, A. H. (1995), Elements of Cartography, 6th edition, New York, Wiley & Sons. Elements of Cartography Google Scholar

ROSSI, A. (1982), The Architecture of the City Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. The Architecture of the City Google Scholar

ROWE, C. (1997), ‘Foreword’, in Koetter and Rowe. Foreword Google Scholar

ROWE, C. and HEJDUK J. (1957), ‘Lockhart, Texas’, Architectural Record, 121, 201–6. Lockhart, Texas Architectural Record 121 201 6 Google Scholar

ROWE, C. and KOETTER F. (1978), Collage City, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Collage City Google Scholar

ROWE, P. (1997), Civic Realism, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Civic Realism Google Scholar

SASAKI ASSOCIATES (2011), ‘University of Texas at Austin campus master plan’, http://www.sasaki.com/project/317/university-of-texas-at-austin-master-plan/ (accessed 1 October 2016). Google Scholar

SCHEER, T., KLEIHUES, J. P. and KAHLFELDT, P. (2000), City of Architecture/Architecture of the City: Berlin 1900–2000, Berlin, Nicolai. City of Architecture/Architecture of the City: Berlin 1900–2000 Google Scholar

SCHWARZPLAN (2015), ‘Site plans and figure ground plans for architects, urban planners and designers’, https://www.schwarzplan.eu/en/ (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

SCHUMACHER, T. (1996), ‘Contextualism – urban ideals and deformations’ in K. Nesbitt, Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 297–301. Contextualism – urban ideals and deformations Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture 297 301 Google Scholar

SHANE, D. G. (2009), ‘Foreword’, in Graves. Foreword Google Scholar

SOLOMON, D. (2003), Global City Blues, Washington, DC, Island Press. Global City Blues Google Scholar

SONNE, W. (2014), Urbanität und Dichte im Städtebau des 20. Jahrhunderts, Berlin, DOM Publishers. Urbanität und Dichte im Städtebau des 20. Jahrhunderts Google Scholar

TIBBALDS, F. (2001), Making People-Friendly Towns: Improving the Public Environment in Towns and Cities, London, E. & F. N. Spon. Making People-Friendly Towns: Improving the Public Environment in Towns and Cities Google Scholar

TICE, J. (2005), ‘The Interactive Nolli map of Rome website’, http://nolli.uoregon.edu/default.asp (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

TRANCIK, R. (1986), Finding Lost Space, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. Finding Lost Space Google Scholar

URBED (2005), ‘Organic Cities exhibition’, CUBE Gallery, Manchester, http://urbed.coop/projects/organic-cities (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

URBED (2010), ‘Brentford Lock West design for change report’, http://urbed.coop/projects/brentford-lock-west (accessed 12 January 2016). Google Scholar

VERSTEGEN, I. and CEEN, A. (eds) (2014), Giambattista Nolli and Rome: Mapping the City Before and After the Piante Grande, Rome, Studium Urbis Rome Center. Giambattista Nolli and Rome: Mapping the City Before and After the Piante Grande Google Scholar

WARNER, N. (2005), The Monuments of Historic Cairo, New York, The American University in Cairo Press. The Monuments of Historic Cairo Google Scholar

WHITFIELD, P. (2005), Cities of the World – A History in Maps, London, British Library. Cities of the World – A History in Maps Google Scholar

ZOHLEN, G. (2000), ‘Die IBA est divisa in partes tres’, in T. Scheer, J.-P. Kleihues and P. Kahlfeldt (eds), City of Architecture, Architecture of the City, Berlin 1900–2000, Berlin, Nicolai, 329–35. Die IBA est divisa in partes tres City of Architecture, Architecture of the City, Berlin 1900–2000 329 35 Google Scholar

Download (PDF)