Labour History

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Footnotes

1.Neville Kirk, “‘Australians for Australia’: The Right, the Labor Party and Contested Loyalties to Nation and Empire in Australia, 1917 to the Early 1930s,” Labour History, no. 91 (November2006):95–111;James Curran, Curtin’s Empire(:Cambridge University Press, 2011), ch. 2. Google Scholar

2.Nick Dyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains: The Rise and Fall of the Early Australian Labor Party(:Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2011);John Hirst, Labor’s Part in Australian History: A Lament(:Pandanus Books in association with the History Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 2006). See also Robin Archer’s contribution to this collection. Google Scholar

3.Geoffrey Serle, “The Digger Tradition and Australian Nationalism,” Meanjin Quarterly 24, no. 2(1965):156;Russel Ward, A Nation for a Continent: The History of Australia 1901–1975(:Heinemann Educational Australia, 1977), 127. This process of appropriation had already commenced during World War I. Google Scholar

4.Nick DyrenfurthandFrank Bongiorno, A Little History of the Australian Labor Party(:University of New South Wales Press, 2011), 70–71. Google Scholar

5.K. S. Inglis assisted byJan Brazier, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape(:Miegunyah Press, 1999);Bruce Scates, A Place to Remember: A History of the Shrine of Remembrance(:Cambridge University Press, 2009). Google Scholar

6.For an overview of the circumstances in which Prendergast became Premier, seePeter Love, “Elmslie, Prendergast and Hogan: Labouring Against the Tide,”inThe Victorian Premiers 1856–2006, ed.Paul StrangioandBrian Costar(:Federation Press, 2006), 177–78;P. J. Deery, “Labor Interlude in Victorian Politics: The Prendergast Government, 1924”(BA Hons diss.,LaTrobe University, 1972), 20–24. For biographical information on Prendergast, seeGeoffrey Serle, “Prendergast, George Michael,” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11: 1891–1939(:Melbourne University Press, 1988), 280–82. For his political writings, including his 1924 pamphlet, The Policy of Labor in the State of Victoria, see Samuel Merrifield Papers (henceforth Merrifield Papers), MS 13045, Box 16, State Library of Victoria (SLV). Google Scholar

7. Evening Echo, 22 September1924, 4. Google Scholar

8. Herald, 26 July1924, 7. Google Scholar

9.J. K. Merritt inVictorian Parliamentary Debates(henceforthVPD) 167 (22 July1924):58. Google Scholar

10. Age, 29 July1924, 8. Google Scholar

11.For a comprehensive discussion of the debates over the designs, costs and purposes of the Shrine just prior to the Prendergast government, seeScates, Place to Remember, 15–42. Google Scholar

12.“Jingoism” was a term commonly, and pejoratively, used to describe strident imperial patriotism. Irish Catholics were especially fond of its use; seeAdvocate, 21 August1924, 24; 4 September1924, 20. Google Scholar

13.G. L. Kristianson, The Politics of Patriotism: The Pressure Group Activities of the Returned Servicemen’s League(:Australia National University Press, 1966), 25. Google Scholar

14.Ibid., 37;Marilyn Lake, “The Power of Anzac,”inAustralia: Two Centuries of War and Peace, ed.M. McKernanandM. Browne(:Australian War Memorial in association with Allen & Unwin, 1988), 215. One Melbourne paper asserted that the RSSILA “fail[ed] to command support from the mass of the returned soldiers”;Truth, 22 November 1924, 1. Indeed, when the RSSILA called for mass protest action from ex-servicemen against the Labor government in 1924, it was ignored. However, from the late 1920s, with its direct access to Cabinet and its self-appointed role as the custodian of the Anzac tradition, this position had been reversed. For a recent assessment of support among returned men for RSSILA in the years following the war, seeMartin Crotty, “The Returned Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Imperial League of Australia, 1916–46,”inAnzac Legacies: Australians and the Aftermath of War, ed.Martin CrottyandMarina Larsson(:Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2010), 166–86. Google Scholar

16. Labor Call, 5 May1921, 5. Google Scholar

17. Ibid., 26 April1923, 1. Google Scholar

18.Healey’s recollection of this moment remained “vivid”;George Healey, A.L.P.: The Story of the Labor Party(:Jacaranda Press, 1955), 80. Google Scholar

19. Labor Call, 24 April1924, 1. Google Scholar

20. Industrial Herald, 4 September1924, 1. Google Scholar

21. Age, 22 September1924, 9;Advocate, 18 September1924, 25. Google Scholar

22. Argus, 22 August1924, 8. Google Scholar

23. Industrial Herald, 24 June1924, 1. Google Scholar

25. Evening Echo, 19 August1924, 4. Google Scholar

26. Countryman, 4 July1924, 2. Google Scholar

27.S. M. Bruce toW. Lawson, 9 April 1924, Premiers Correspondence, Anzac Day Observance 1921–26 (henceforth PCAD), VP1163, P2892, Public Record Office Victoria; Premier’s office toA. S. McNabb, 10 April 1924, PCAD. We wish to thank Gareth Knapman for alerting us to this file. Premier Lawson neglected to act on this issue. For attempts in Victoria to enshrine Anzac Day parades on 25 April from 1925–27, seeMary Wilson, “The Making of Melbourne’s Anzac Day,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 20, no. 2(August1974):203–8. Google Scholar

28. Age, 22 August1924, 11. Google Scholar

30. Ibid., 3, resolution attached. See also three-page letter, State President, RSSILA, to Tunnecliffe, 31 July 1924, PCAD, elaborating the organisation’s views and “trusting that Cabinet will take the necessary steps to enact the legislation required.” Cabinet did nothing. Google Scholar

31.Liberty and Progress(official organ of the Victorian Employers Federation), 31 March 1924, 31;Argus, 24 April 1924, 10. Google Scholar

33.Throughout the entirety of 1924, this was the sole occasion thatLiberty and Progresswas not hostile towards the Labor Party. Google Scholar

34. Age, 26 July1924, 13;Argus, 29 July1924, 9. Google Scholar

35.See Merrifield Papers, Box 22, SLV;Peter Love, “Tunnecliffe, Thomas,” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12: 1891–1939(:Melbourne University Press, 1990), 284. Google Scholar

36. Labor Call, 1 August1918, 5. Two weeks later in parliament, he moved a peace amendment to a pro-war resolution;Labor Call, 15 August1918, 2. Google Scholar

37. Evening Echo, 20 August1924, 4. Google Scholar

38. Advocate, 21 August1924, 24. Google Scholar

39. Herald, 21 August1924, 8. Google Scholar

40. VPD 167(9 September1924):332;VPD 168(11 November1924):1326–27. Google Scholar

41. Industrial Herald, 18 September1924, 4. Google Scholar

42.L. L. Robson, “The Anzac Tradition,” Journal of History 4, no. 2(1973):59. Google Scholar

43.Rosalie Triolo, Our Schools and the War(:Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2012), 272. Google Scholar

44. Australian Worker, 17 May1922, 5. Google Scholar

45. Labor Call, 22 February1923, 1. See alsoLabor Call, 3 August1922, 6. Google Scholar

46.Joseph Bryant, Great Events in Australian History, 2nd ed. (:Cornstalk Publishing Company, 1925), 143. Google Scholar

47. Truth(Melbourne), 6 September1924, 6. Google Scholar

48.Serle, “The Digger Tradition,” 156. Google Scholar

49. Herald, 25 August1924, 4. Google Scholar

50. Argus, 27 August1924, 18. Google Scholar

51. Argus, 3 September1924, 18; 27 August1924, 21. Google Scholar

52. VPD 167(2 September1924):144 144. Google Scholar

53. Ibid. Google Scholar

54. VPD 167(9 September1924):332. Google Scholar

55. Ibid., 203. Google Scholar

56. Ibid., 298. Google Scholar

57. VPD 167(2 September1924):146. Google Scholar

58. Ibid. Google Scholar

59. Ibid., 148. Most likely, this was disingenuous: a full meeting of the Parliamentary Labor Party was held on Wednesday 20 August at which members were informed of the “Ministry’s intentions.”Argus, 21 August 1924, 10. Google Scholar

60. VPD 167(9 September1924):298. Hughes had himself fought, and been decorated, in the Great War;Evening Echo, 16 August1924, 3. Before the war, he was secretary of the Victorian Socialists League and an executive member of the Victorian Socialist Party;Socialist, 13 March 1908, in card index, Merrifield Papers. Google Scholar

61. VPD 167(3 September1924):225. Google Scholar

62. Teachers’ Journal 7, no. 10(20 September1924):373. Google Scholar

63.For two positive editorials of theAge, see 11 August1924, 8, and 25 August1924, 8. Google Scholar

64. Evening Echo, 11 August1924, 3. Google Scholar

65.Westralian Worker, 27 March 1925, 9. See alsoBobbie Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War 1914–1926(:University of Western Australia Press, 1995), 282;John Stephens, “Forgetting, Sacrifice and Trauma in the West Australian State War Memorial,” Journal of Australian Studies 37, no. 4(December2013):466–84. Google Scholar

66.Quoted in Inglis, Sacred Places, 287. Google Scholar

67. West Australian, 14 March1925, 12;Daily News, 13 March 1925, 8, the latter in Anzac Day, Premier’s Department, Administrative and Functional Files (henceforth ADPD), Series 36, Consignment 1496, Item 1919/0242, 208, State Records Office of Western Australia (SROWA). Google Scholar

68. Sunday Times, 22 March1925, 4in ADPD, 217. Google Scholar

69. West Australian, 18 March1925, 9;Albany Advertiser, 18 March1925, 3. Google Scholar

71.Mary Albertus Bain, “Drew, John Michael (1865–1947),” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8(:Melbourne University Press, 1981), 343–44. Google Scholar

73. Daily News(Perth), 24 March1925, 8. Google Scholar

74. Ibid., 30 September1924, 4. Google Scholar

75. Ibid., 29 September1924, 8. Google Scholar

76. Western Mail(Perth), 19 March1925, 26. Google Scholar

77. Daily News, 24 March1925, 8. See also Deputation: From the R.S.L. re Anzac Day, 24 March 1925, ADPD, 220. Google Scholar

78. West Australian, 1 April1926, 12. Google Scholar

79.Joanna Bourke, “The Battle of the Limbs: Amputation, Artificial Limbs and the Great War in Australia,” Australian Historical Studies 29, no. 110(1998):49–67;Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War(:University of Chicago Press, 1996);Ana Carden-Coyne, Reconstructing the Body: Classicism, Modernism, and the First World War(:Oxford University Press, 2009). Google Scholar

80. West Australian, 30 April1926, 12. Google Scholar

81. Listening Post(Perth), 16 April1926, 22. It was the organ of the RSSILA in WA. Google Scholar

82. Daily News, 31 March1926, 1. Google Scholar

83. West Australian, 25 April1925, 9. There was one other. Since it fell on a Saturday, it was observed in schools the day before. Google Scholar

85. West Australian, 15 April1926, in ADPD, 276. Google Scholar

86. Ibid., 22 April1926, 10. Google Scholar

87. Ibid., 27 April1926, 7; 28 April1926, 10. Google Scholar

88. Daily News, 19 March1925, 7. Google Scholar

89. Western Mail, 19 March1925, 26. Google Scholar

90. Call(Perth), 25 March1925, in ADPD, 204. Google Scholar

91. West Australian, 16 March1925, 8, in ADPD, 210. Google Scholar

92. Ibid., 1 April1926, 12. Google Scholar

93. Westralian Worker, 20 March1925, 3. See alsoibid., 5. Google Scholar

94. Western Mail, 19 March1925, 26. Google Scholar

95. Ibid. Google Scholar

97.Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia, WA Branch (Incorporated), Annual Report and Balance Sheet: For the Year Ending 30th June, 1925, Presented to the Ninth Annual Congress, September 30th, 1925(:Imperial Print, 1925), 13–14. Google Scholar

98. Westralian Worker, 20 March1925, 3. Google Scholar

99. Sunday Times(Perth), 22 March1925, 1;Daily News, 24 March 1925, 8; Cecil Andrews (Director of Education) to The Secretary, Premier’s Department, 23 March 1925, The War: List of Officers Who Enlisted, Education Department, Files, Departmental, Series 24, Consignment 1497, Item 1925/0648, 77, SROWA. Google Scholar

100.Samuel Hynes, The Soldiers’ Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War(:Viking Penguin, 1997), 10. Google Scholar

101.Alistair Thomson, “Memory as a Battlefield: Personal and Political Investments in the National Military Past,” Oral History Review 22, no. 2(Winter1995):67. Google Scholar

102. British Australian & New Zealander, 30 April1925, 1. Google Scholar

103.E. S. Watt, Daily News, 25 March1925, 6. Google Scholar

104. Daily News, 24 March1925, 8. Google Scholar

105. West Australian, 17 March1925, 18, in ADPD, 198. Google Scholar

106. Listening Post, 20 March1925, 6. Google Scholar

107. West Australian, 27 April1926, 7. Google Scholar

108. Ibid. Google Scholar

109. Listening Post, 7 May1926, 9. Google Scholar

110.Graham Seal, Inventing Anzac: The Digger and National Mythology(:University of Queensland Press, 2004), ch. 3. Google Scholar

111. Daily News, 31 March1926, 1. Google Scholar

112.D. A. Kent, “The Anzac Bookand the Anzac Legend: C. E. W. Bean as Editor and Image-Maker,” Historical Studies 21, no. 84(1985):376–90. Google Scholar

113. Mirror(Perth), 21 March1925, 1. Google Scholar

114.Curran, Curtin’s Empire, 55. Google Scholar